Possessive 's & possessive adjectives

In English we show that something belongs to a person by adding apostrophe-s ('s) after their name or noun: Ali's bag, the boy's dog, my sister's cat. Notice that the apostrophe always comes before the s when we talk about one owner. Possessive adjectives — my, your, his, her, its, our, their — work differently: they go directly before a noun and do not need an apostrophe. The choice of adjective depends on the owner, not the object. If the owner is male, use his (Tom has a bike → his bike). If the owner is female, use her (Sara has a pencil → her pencil). If the owner is a thing or animal, use its (The cat has a tail → its tail). For more than one owner, use our (two friends → our classroom) or their (the children → their bags). A very common beginner mistake is to mix up the subject pronoun and the possessive adjective: we say My book is here, never Me book is here. For example: 'That is Ali's pencil case — his pencil case is red and white.'